Scientific Literature

Jones J et al. Proportion of Incident HIV Cases among Men Who Have Sex with Men Attributable to Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: A Modeling Analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2019 Jan 19. doi: 10.109

Gulliver’s Travels: The Global Resurgence of STIs. Quinn T. Dublin IUSTI conference 2018

Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st Century: Past, Evolution, and Future.Unemo M and Shafer W. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014 Jul; 27(3): 587–613. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00010-14

A multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of daily use of antibacterial mouthwash against oropharyngeal gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men: the OMEGA (Oral Mouthwash use to Eradicate GonorrhoeA) study protocol

Eric P. F. Chow E et al. BMC Infect Dis. 2017; 17: 456. Published online 2017 Jun 28. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2541-3

Molecular Diagnostics for Gonorrhoea: Implications for Antimicrobial Resistance and the Threat of Untreatable Gonorrhoea. Low N et al.mPLoS Med. 2014 Feb; 11(2): e1001598. Published online 2014 Feb 4. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001598

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2015

Kimberly A. Workowski, Gail A. Bolan

MMWR Recomm Rep. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 Apr 5.

Published in final edited form as: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5; 64(RR-03): 1–137.

The “3 in 1” Study: Pooling Self-Taken Pharyngeal, Urethral, and Rectal Samples into a Single Sample for Analysis for Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in Men Who Have Sex with Men

656. Sultan B et al.mJ Clin Microbiol. 2016 Mar; 54(3): 650–656. Prepublished online 2015 Dec 30. Published online 2016 Feb 25. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02460-15

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Bacterial DNA Load in the Pharynges and Saliva of Men Who Have Sex with Men

Chow E et al.  J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Oct; 54(10): 2485–2490. Prepublished online 2016 Jul 13. Published online 2016 Sep 23. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01186-16

High prevalence of rectal gonorrhoea among men reporting contact with men with gonorrhoea: Implications for epidemiological treatment

Dutt K et al. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15: 658. Published online 2015 Jul 14. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1971-3

Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Tonsils and Posterior Oropharynx

Bissessor M. Clin Microbiol. 2015 Nov; 53(11): 3624–3626. Prepublished online 2015 Aug 19. Published online 2015 Oct 16. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01647-15

Extragenital Infections Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Review of the Literature. Chan P et al,  Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 2016: 5758387. Published online 2016 Jun 5. doi: 10.1155/2016/5758387

Extragenital Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Testing and Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men—STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010–2012

Patton M et al, Clin Infect Dis. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jun; 58(11): 1564–1570. Published online 2014 Mar 18. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu184

Control of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in the Era of Evolving Antimicrobial Resistance

Lindley A. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2013 Dec; 27(4): 10.1016/j.idc.2013.08.001. Published online 2013 Oct 31. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2013.08.001

The epidemiology of gonorrhoea in Norway, 1993–2007: past victories, future challenges

Jakopanec I, Katrine Borgen, Preben Aavitsland.  BMC Infect Dis. 2009; 9: 33. Published online 2009 Mar 19. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-33

Gonorrhea infection in women: prevalence, effects, screening, and management

Cheryl K Walker, Richard L Sweet. Int J Womens Health. 2011; 3: 197–206. Published online 2011 Jul 19. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S13427

Evaluation of sexual history-based screening of anatomic sites for chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in men having sex with men in routine practice

Remco PH Peters et al. BMC Infect Dis. 2011; 11: 203. Published online 2011 Jul 26. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-203

A Cross Sectional Analysis of Gonococcal and Chlamydial Infections among Men-Who-Have-Sex-with-Men in Cape Town, South Africa

Kevin Rebe et al . PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): e0138315. Published online 2015 Sep 29. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138315

Gentamicin versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of gonorrhoea (G-TOG trial): study protocol for a randomised trial

Clare Brittain et al. Trials. 2016; 17: 558. Published online 2016 Nov 24. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1683-8

Conventional Agar-Based Culture Method, and Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) of the cppB Gene for Detection of Neisseria gonorrhea in Pregnant Women Endocervical Swab Specimens

Parvin Hassanzadeh et al

Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013 Mar; 15(3): 207–211. Published online 2013 Mar 5. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.3726

Homes KK et al. An estimate of risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1970) 91 (2): 170-174. An estimation of the risk to the men who make sex with women infected with gonorrhea in sexual contacts

Sparling PF, Handsfield HH. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in Mandel GL (Ed.) Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases; 2000, p.2246.

Colfax G et al. Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea and oral sex behavior among a cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM).Int Conf AIDS. 2002 Jul 7-12; 14: abstract no. MoPeC3456 Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea and the behavior of oral sex in a cohort of HIV negative men that make sex with men

YT van Duynhoven. The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrheae in Europe. Microbes and Infection  1999;1 (6): 455–464 The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrheae in Europe

Howard Brown Health Center: STI Annual Report, 2009 Howard Brown Health Center: Annual report of STDs, 2009

D J Templeton et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men in Sydney, Australia Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:361-363  Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project.

Wexner SD. Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990 Dec;33(12):1048-62 Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties.

Lin JS et al. Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sexual partners. The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 178, No. 6 (Dec., 1998), pp. 1707-1712 Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sexual partners.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: UK National Screening and Testing Guidelines (BASHH august 2006) Sexually Transmitted Infections: UK National Screening and Testing Guidelines (BASHH august 2006)

2010 HPA guidance on Gonorrhoea testing in England & Wales 2010 HPA guidance on Gonorrhoea testing in England & Wales

European guideline for the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections 2010 European guideline for the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections 2010

Testing for chlamydia; the”window period” 20 May 2008 BASHH Testing for chlamydia; the”window period” 20 May 2008 BASHH

Field PR et al, Pathology, 1993, Vol. 25, No. 2 : Pages 175-179  The Reliability of Serological Tests for the Diagnosis of Genital Herpes: A Critique.

Fatahzadeh M & Schwartz RA 2007 American Academy of Dermatology Human herpes simplex virus infections: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and management.

Katharine J Looker et al  Boletín de la Organización Mundial de la Salud Vol86 octubre 2008, 737-816 Estimación de la prevalencia e incidencia mundial de la infección por virus del herpes simple de tipo 2

Corey L et al The Effects of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 on HIV-1 Acquisition and Transmission: A Review of Two Overlapping Epidemics J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35(5)

Mahiane SG et al Transmission probabilities of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2, effect of male circumcision and interaction: a longitudinal study in a township of South Africa AIDS 2009 – Vol 23(3)  p 377–383

Wald A, Link K. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:45–52.

Freeman EE et al. Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS 2006; 20:73–83

Brown JM,  et al. Incident and prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases risk of HIV acquisition among women in Uganda and Zimbabwe. AIDS 2007; 21:1515–1523.

Wald A, et al. Effect of condoms on reducing the transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 from men to women. JAMA 2001; 285:3100–3106.

Corey L, et al. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:11–20

Gray RH,, et al. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet 2001; 357:1149–1153

Mastro TD, et al. Probability of female-to-male transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. Lancet 1994; 343:204–207.

Cameron DW  et al. Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men.Lancet 1989; 2:403–407.

Baeten JM et al. Female-to-male infectivity of HIV-1 among circumcised and uncircumcised Kenyan men. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:546–553.

Boily MC et al. The risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual contact in absence of antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. 17th International Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research; 29 July–1 August 2007; Seattle, Washington.

Weiss HA et al. The epidemiology of HSV-2 infection and its association with HIV infection in four urban African populations. AIDS 2001; 15:S97–S108.

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Corey L. Synergistic copathogens:HIV-1 and HSV-2.N Engl J Med 2007; 356:854–856.

Schacker T et al  Frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 reactivations among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1616–1622.

Nagot N  et al. Reduction of HIV-1 RNA levels with therapy to suppress herpes simplex virus. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:790–799.

Augenbraun M  et al. Increased genital shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 in HIV-seropositive women. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:845–847

Siegal FP  et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med 1981; 305:1439–1444.

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Gray RH  et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 2007; 369:657–666.

Bailey RC  et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369:643–656.

Weiss HA et al. Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82:101–109, discussion 110.

Auvert B et al  Can male circumcision prevent acquisition of HSV-2 infection? In: 16th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research; 10–13 July 2005; Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2005.

Tobian A et al. Trial of male circumcision: prevention of hsv-2 in men and vaginal infections in female partners, Rakai, Uganda.In: 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 3–6 February 2008; Boston, Massachusetts; 2008.

Report National HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey South Africa 2006. Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Health; 2006. pp. 1–31.

Auvert B et al  Can highly active antiretroviral therapy reduce the spread of HIV? A study in a township of South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36:613–621.

Carpenter J, Bithell J. Bootstrap confidence intervals: when, which, what? A practical guide for medical statisticians. Stat Med 2000; 19:1141–1164.

R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2005.

Mastro TD, Kitayaporn D. HIV type 1 transmission probabilities: estimates from epidemiological studies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:S223–S227.

Auvert B  et al. HIV infection among youth in a South African mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour. AIDS 2001; 15:885–898.

Auvert B  et al. Ecological and individual level analysis of risk factors for HIV infection in four urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa with different levels of HIV infection. AIDS 2001; 15:S15–S30.

Buve A, et al. The multicentre study on factors determining the differential spread of HIV in four African cities: summary and conclusions. AIDS 2001; 15:S127–S131.

Connie Celum C  et al. HSV-2 suppressive therapy for prevention of HIV acquisition: results of HPTN 039 [abstract 31499]. In: The 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 3–6 February 2008; Boston; 2008.

Van Griensven GJP, Tielman RAP, Goudsmit J et al. Failure rate of condoms during anogenital intercourse in homosexual men. Genitourin Med 1988;64:344 6. Van Griensven GJP, Tielman RAP, Goudsmit J et al. Failure rate of condoms during anogenital intercourse in homosexual men. Genitourin Med 1988;64:344 6

Van Griensven GJP et al. Risk factors and prevalence of HIV antibodies in homosexual men in the Netherlands. Am J Epidemiol 1987;125(6):1048-57. Risk factors and prevalence of HIV antibodies in homosexual men in the Netherlands. Am J Epidemiol 1987;125(6):1048-57.

Public Health Agency of Canada. Risk of HIV infection attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men and in the population of men who have sex with men. AIDS 2002;16(17):2350-52 Public Health Agency of Canada. Risk of HIV infection attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men and in the population of men who have sex with men. AIDS 2002;16(17):2350-52

Darrow WL et al. Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in homosexual men. Am J Public Health 1987;77(4):479-83.Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in homosexual men. Am J Public Health 1987;77(4):479-83.

Public Health Agency of Canada. Alary M, Remis RS, Otis J et al., the Omega Study Group. HIV Infections among MSM in Canada Public Health Agency of Canada. Alary M, Remis RS, Otis J et al., the Omega Study Group. HIV Infections among MSM in Canada

W.Lynn, S.Lightman. Syphilis and HIV: a dangerous combination. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 4, Issue 7, Pages 456-466. Syphilis and HIV: a dangerous combination. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 4, Issue 7, Pages 456-466

AIDS Alert. 1999 Oct;14(10):Suppl 1-2. HIV combined with other STDs can be a dangerous mix. HIV combined with other STDs can be a dangerous mix.

Lafferty WE et al. Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Acquisition of Gonorrhea and Nongonococcal Urethritis by Fellatio and Implications for STD/HIV Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases:May 1997 – Volume 24 – Issue 5 – p 272–278 Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Acquisition of Gonorrhea and Nongonococcal Urethritis by Fellatio and Implications for STD/HIV Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases:May 1997 – Volume 24 – Issue 5 – p 272–278.

Baron S et al. Oral transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus by infected seminal fluid and milk: a novel mechanism. J Infect Dis 2000;181(2):498-504. Oral transmission of human immunodeficiency virus by infected seminal fluid and milk: a novel mechanism. J Infect Dis 2000;181(2):498-504.

Public Health Agency of Canada. Risk of HIV infection attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men and in the population of men who have sex with men. AIDS 2002;16(17):2350-52.

Baba TW et al: Infection and AIDS in adult Macaques after nontraumatic oral exposure to cell-free SIV. Science, 272, 1486-1489, 1996.Infection and AIDS in adult Macaques after nontraumatic oral exposure to cell-free SIV. Science, 272, 1486-1489, 1996

Robinson EK, Evans BG. Oral sex and HIV transmissions. AIDS 1999;13(6):737-8. Oral sex and HIV transmissions. AIDS 1999;13(6):737-8

Schacker T et al. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:257-64. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:257-64.

Boily MC et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;9(2):118-29. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;9(2):118-29.

Vittinghoff E et al.Per-contact risk of human immuno-deficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150(3):306-11. Riesgo por persona de transmisión de virus de inumodeficiencia humano entre parejas sexuales varones. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150(3):306-11.

S Edwards, C Carne Oral sex and the transmission of viral STIs. Sex Transm Infect 1998;74:6-10. S Edwards, C Carne Oral sex and the transmission of viral STIs. Sex Transm Infect 1998;74:6-10.

P C Schober et al. How infectious is syphilis? Br J Vener Dis 1983; 59:217-9. How infectious is syphilis? Br J Vener Dis 1983; 59:217-9

Pinkerton SD et al; NIMH Multisite HIV Prevention Trial Group. All STDs are not created equal: an analysis of the differential effects of sexual behaviour changes on different STDs.Int J STD AIDS. 2003 May;14(5):320-8. NIMH Multisite HIV Prevention Trial Group. All STDs are not created equal: an analysis of the differential effects of sexual behaviour changes on different STDs. Int J STD AIDS. 2003 May;14(5):320-8.

Bissessor M et al.Frequent screening for syphilis as part of HIV monitoring increases the detection of early asymptomatic syphilis among HIV-positive homosexual men.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Oct 1;55(2):211-6. Frequent screening for syphilis as part of HIV monitoring increases the detection of early asymptomatic syphilis among HIV-positive homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Oct 1;55(2):211-6

AIDS Alert. 1999 Oct;14(10):Suppl 1-2. HIV combined with other STDs can be a dangerous mix. AIDS Alert. 1999 Oct;14(10):Suppl 1-2. HIV combined with other STDs can be a dangerous mix.

Homes KK et al. An estimate of risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1970) 91 (2): 170-174. An estimate of risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1970) 91 (2): 170-174

Colfax G et al. Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea and oral sex behavior among a cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM).Int Conf AIDS. 2002 Jul 7-12; 14: abstract no. MoPeC3456. Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea and oral sex behavior among a cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM). Int Conf AIDS. 2002 Jul 7-12; 14: abstract no. MoPeC3456

YT van Duynhoven. The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrheae in Europe. Microbes and Infection  1999;1 (6): 455–464 YT van Duynhoven. The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrheae in Europe. Microbes and Infection  1999;1 (6): 455–464

Howard Brown Health Center: STI Annual Report, 2009. Howard Brown Health Center: STI Annual Report, 2009

D J Templeton et al  Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men in Sydney, Australia Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:361-363. Templeton et al  Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men in Sydney, Australia. Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:361-363

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project.

Wexner SD. Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990 Dec;33(12):1048-62. Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990 Dec;33(12):1048-62

Lin JS et al. Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sexual partners. The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 178, No. 6 (Dec., 1998), pp. 1707-1712. Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sexual partners. The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 178, No. 6 (Dec., 1998), pp. 1707-1712

Probability of a false-negative HIV antibody test result during the window period: a tool for pre- and post-test counselling Darlene Taylor et al International Journal of STD & AIDS. Vol 26, Issue 4, 2015 215-224

On the duration of the period between exposure to HIV and detectable infectionBernhard P.Konrad et al.  Epidemics, Volume 20, September 2017, Pages 73-83

Post-marketing surveillance of OraQuick whole blood and oral fluid rapid HIV testing Wesolowsk LG et al AIDS 2006, 20:1661–1666

Point-Of-Care Test (Poc) For Syphilis Targeted To Men Who Have Sex With Men In Rome, Italy A. Latini,Et Al Dublin IUSTI Conference 2018

Self-Collected versus Clinician-Collected Sampling for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Lunny C et al, PLoS One. 2015; 10(7): e0132776. Published online 2015 Jul 13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132776

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Meta-Analysis of Cepheid Xpert® CT/NG assay extra-genital Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing. Bristow C. Dublin IUSTI conference 2018

Effectiveness and Patient Acceptability of a Sexually Transmitted Infection Self-testing Program in an HIV Care Setting

Barbee L eta l. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016 Jun 1; 72(2): e26

Comparison of the cobas 4800 CT/NG Test with Culture for Detecting Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Genital and Nongenital Specimens in a Low-Prevalence Population in New Zealand

Collette Bromhead, Amanda Miller, Mark Jones, David Whiley

J Clin Microbiol. 2013 May; 51(5): 1505–1509. doi: 10.1128/JCM.03223-12

Voluntary Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing in Jails MacGowan R et al Sexually Transmitted Diseases, February Supplement 2009, Vol. 36, No. 2, p.S-9-S1

Diagnostic Accuracy of Two Oral Mucosal Fluid Based Tests for HIV Surveillance in Namibia Hamers RL et al Journal of Immune Deficiency Syndrome (JAIDS), Vol. 48, Number 1, May 1, 2008

Routine HIV Screening in the Emergency Department Using the New US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines: Results From a High-Prevalence AreaBrown J et al JAIDS, Vol. 46, Number 4, December 1, 2007

Detecting Unsuspected HIV Infection with a Rapid Whole-Blood HIV Test in an Urban Emergency DepartmentLyss SB et al JAIDS, Volume 00, Number 0, 2007

Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Testing on Labor and Delivery in 17 US Hospitals: The MIRIAD Experience Jamieson DJ et al American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Supplement to September 2007

Comparative Evaluation of Rapid HIV Antibody TestsChen LS et al Point of Care, Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2007, p. 109-111

Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy, Feasibility and Client Preference for Rapid Oral Fluid-Based Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Rural India Pai NP et al PLOs ONE, Apr. 2007, Issue 4, e367

Performance of an Oral Fluid Rapid HIV-1/2 Test: Experience From Four CDC Studies Delaney KP et al AIDS 2006, Vol. 20 No. 12, p 1655-1660

Usefulness of a Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antibody Test for Management of Occupational Exposure to Blood and Body Fluid Landrum ML et al Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Sept. 2005, p-768-774

The Role of Rapid vs. Conventional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing for Inpatients-Effects on Quality Care Rubelchek R et al Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 165, Sept. 26, 2005

Evaluation of a Rapid Test for the Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and 2 in the Setting of Multiple Transmitted Viral Subtypes Reynolds SJ et al International Journal of STD & AIDS, 13:d498.1-3, 2002.

Reduction of the diagnostic window with a new combined p24 antigen and human immunodeficiency virus antibody screening assay Gürtler L et al. . J Virol Meth 1998;75:27–38.

Shortening of the diagnostic window with a new combined HIV p24 antigen and anti-HIV-1/2/O screening test. Brust S et al J Virol Meth 2000; 90:153–65.

Estimating sexual transmission of HIV from persons aware and unaware that they are infected with the virus in the USA. Marks G et al AIDS 2006;20:1447–50.

HIV-1 transmission, by stage of infection. Hollingsworth TD et al J Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 1;198(5):687–93

Amplified transmission of HIV-1: comparison of HIV-1 concentrations in semen and blood during acute and chronic infection.Pilcher CD et al. AIDS. 2007 Aug 20;21(13):1723–30

Brief but efficient: acute HIV infection and the sexual transmission of HIV. Quest Study; Duke-UNC-Emory Acute HIV Consortium. Pilcher CD et al JID. 2004 May 15;189(10):1785–92.

Detection of acute HIV infection: a field evaluation of the determine® HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab combo test. Rosenberg NE et al J Infect Dis. 2012 Feb 15;205(4):528-34. Epub 2011 Dec 29.

Programmatic Evaluation of a Combined Antigen and Antibody Test for Rapid HIV Diagnosis in a Community and Sexual Health Clinic Screening Programme. Taegtmeyer M PLoS ONE 6(11): e28019. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028019

Benefit of the rapid test Determine HIV1/2 in the clinical diagnosis of HIV infection in Ibn Rochd hospital of Casablanca, Morocco.Ouladlahsen A et al Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2012 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]

Documento de Consenso Sobre las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual en Personas con Infección por el VIH- (Septiembre 2010)Grupo de Expertos de GESIDA y del Plan Nacional Sobre El Sida

Sensitivity of Five Rapid HIV Tests on Oral Fluid or Finger-Stick Whole Blood: A Real-Time Comparison in a Healthcare Setting Juliette Pavie1,PLoS ONE | ww.plosone.org July 2010 | Volume 5 | Issue 7 | e11581

HIV assays: Operational Characteristics Report 16: Rapid Assays World Health Organization

Determine® HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo:a revolutionary fourth generation rapid HIV test. Performance data review. Alere Healthcare.

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Evaluation of the Rapid Immunoassay Determine HIV 1/2 for Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2. G. E. L. van den Berk, J ClinMicrobiol. 2003 August; 41(8): 3868–3869.

BASHH Clinical Governance Committee Guidance on the appropriate use of HIV Point of Care Tests Winter AJ et al

Diagnostic Testing for HIV Type 1 RNA in Seronegative Blood Ritter D et al, Am J Clin Pathol 2000;113:128–134

Evaluation of DETERMINE HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab COMBO HPA South East Regional Laboratory, April 2009 Jane Newman J et al, HPA Southampton, Virology Dept

Scottish Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections Reference Laboratory (SBSTIRL) Guidance on the Introduction of molecular testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Diagnostic Laboratories 2007 Scottish Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections Reference Laboratory (SBSTIRL) Guidance on the Introduction of molecular testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Diagnostic Laboratories 2007

Whiley DM, Tapsall JW, Sloots TP. Nucliec acid amplification testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae: an ongoing challenge. J Mol Diagn 2006;8:3-15
Nucliec acid amplification testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae: an ongoing challenge. J Mol Diagn 2006;8:3-15

MHRA 04122: Chlamydia trachomatis NAATS. revision of evaluation literature. Medicines and Health Care Products Regulatory Agency.
Chlamydia trachomatis NAATS. revision of evaluation literature. Medicines and Health Care Products Regulatory Agency.

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Chernesky M et al. Use of Flocked Swabs and a Universal Transport Medium To Enhance Molecular Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 March; 44(3): 1084–1086

Improved swab for Chlamydia test. – UltiMed Chlamydia Test. Use of Flocked Swabs compared to Polyester Standard Swabs. (UltiMed website) Improved swab for Chlamydia test. – UltiMed Chlamydia Test. Use of Flocked Swabs compared to Polyester Standard (Sitio web UltiMed)

Verdaderos positivos: Fichas técnicas de Determine y Determine Combo (Alere Healthcare), OraQuick (OraSure Technologies Inc) e INSTI (Biolytical Laboratories)

Falsos positivos: Base de datos clínica de Centro Médico Openhouse S.L.N.E. desde 2007

BASHH Statement on HIV window period  15 March 2010 (Comunicación de la Asociación Británica de Salud Sexual y VIH sobre el periodo de ventana 15 de marzo de 2010)

UK National Guidelines for HIV Testing 2008 (BHIVA) Guía Nacional del Reino Unido sobre la Detección de VIH 2008 (Asociación Británica de VIH) en la cual se recomienda no utilizar la técnica PCR (carga viral) para la detección de VIH en entornos clínicos.

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Verdaderos positivos: Fichas técnicas de Determine Syphilis (Alere Healthcare) y base de datos clínica de Centro Médico Openhouse S.L.N.E. desde 2007 casos positivos y su seguimiento

Falsos positivos: Base de datos clínica de Centro Médico Openhouse S.L.N.E. desde 2007

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Verdaderos positivos: Fichas técnicas de Flaviscreen HCV test, QualPro Diagnostics, pruebas INFO HBsAg & HBsAb, Nal von Minden

Falsos positivos: Base de datos clínica de Centro Médico Openhouse S.L.N.E. desde 2007

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Homes KK et al. An estimate of risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1970) 91 (2): 170-174. An estimation of the risk to the men who make sex with women infected with gonorrhea in sexual contacts

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Colfax G et al. Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea and oral sex behavior among a cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM).Int Conf AIDS. 2002 Jul 7-12; 14: abstract no. MoPeC3456 Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea and the behavior of oral sex in a cohort of HIV negative men that make sex with men

YT van Duynhoven. The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrheae in Europe. Microbes and Infection  1999;1 (6): 455–464 The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrheae in Europe

Howard Brown Health Center: STI Annual Report, 2009 Howard Brown Health Center: Annual report of STDs, 2009

D J Templeton et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men in Sydney, Australia Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:361-363  Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project.

Wexner SD. Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990 Dec;33(12):1048-62 Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties.

Lin JS et al. Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sexual partners. The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 178, No. 6 (Dec., 1998), pp. 1707-1712 Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sexual partners.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: UK National Screening and Testing Guidelines (BASHH august 2006) Sexually Transmitted Infections: UK National Screening and Testing Guidelines (BASHH august 2006)

2010 HPA guidance on Gonorrhoea testing in England & Wales 2010 HPA guidance on Gonorrhoea testing in England & Wales

European guideline for the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections 2010 European guideline for the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections 2010

Testing for chlamydia; the”window period” 20 May 2008 BASHH Testing for chlamydia; the”window period” 20 May 2008 BASHH

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W.Lynn, S.Lightman. Syphilis and HIV: a dangerous combination. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 4, Issue 7, Pages 456-466. Syphilis and HIV: a dangerous combination. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 4, Issue 7, Pages 456-466

AIDS Alert. 1999 Oct;14(10):Suppl 1-2. HIV combined with other STDs can be a dangerous mix. HIV combined with other STDs can be a dangerous mix.

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Public Health Agency of Canada. Risk of HIV infection attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men and in the population of men who have sex with men. AIDS 2002;16(17):2350-52.

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Bissessor M et al.Frequent screening for syphilis as part of HIV monitoring increases the detection of early asymptomatic syphilis among HIV-positive homosexual men.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Oct 1;55(2):211-6. Frequent screening for syphilis as part of HIV monitoring increases the detection of early asymptomatic syphilis among HIV-positive homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Oct 1;55(2):211-6

AIDS Alert. 1999 Oct;14(10):Suppl 1-2. HIV combined with other STDs can be a dangerous mix. AIDS Alert. 1999 Oct;14(10):Suppl 1-2. HIV combined with other STDs can be a dangerous mix.

Homes KK et al. An estimate of risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1970) 91 (2): 170-174. An estimate of risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1970) 91 (2): 170-174

Colfax G et al. Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea and oral sex behavior among a cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM).Int Conf AIDS. 2002 Jul 7-12; 14: abstract no. MoPeC3456. Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea and oral sex behavior among a cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM). Int Conf AIDS. 2002 Jul 7-12; 14: abstract no. MoPeC3456

YT van Duynhoven. The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrheae in Europe. Microbes and Infection  1999;1 (6): 455–464 YT van Duynhoven. The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrheae in Europe. Microbes and Infection  1999;1 (6): 455–464

Howard Brown Health Center: STI Annual Report, 2009. Howard Brown Health Center: STI Annual Report, 2009

D J Templeton et al  Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men in Sydney, Australia Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:361-363. Templeton et al  Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men in Sydney, Australia. Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:361-363

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2000 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project.

Wexner SD. Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990 Dec;33(12):1048-62. Sexually transmitted diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. The challenge of the nineties. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990 Dec;33(12):1048-62

Lin JS et al. Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sexual partners. The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 178, No. 6 (Dec., 1998), pp. 1707-1712. Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sexual partners. The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 178, No. 6 (Dec., 1998), pp. 1707-1712

Post-marketing surveillance of OraQuick whole blood and oral fluid rapid HIV testing Wesolowsk LG et al AIDS 2006, 20:1661–1666

Voluntary Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing in Jails MacGowan R et al Sexually Transmitted Diseases, February Supplement 2009, Vol. 36, No. 2, p.S-9-S1

Diagnostic Accuracy of Two Oral Mucosal Fluid Based Tests for HIV Surveillance in Namibia Hamers RL et al Journal of Immune Deficiency Syndrome (JAIDS), Vol. 48, Number 1, May 1, 2008

Routine HIV Screening in the Emergency Department Using the New US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines: Results From a High-Prevalence AreaBrown J et al JAIDS, Vol. 46, Number 4, December 1, 2007

Detecting Unsuspected HIV Infection with a Rapid Whole-Blood HIV Test in an Urban Emergency DepartmentLyss SB et al JAIDS, Volume 00, Number 0, 2007

Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Testing on Labor and Delivery in 17 US Hospitals: The MIRIAD Experience Jamieson DJ et al American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Supplement to September 2007

Comparative Evaluation of Rapid HIV Antibody TestsChen LS et al Point of Care, Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2007, p. 109-111

Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy, Feasibility and Client Preference for Rapid Oral Fluid-Based Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Rural India Pai NP et al PLOs ONE, Apr. 2007, Issue 4, e367

Performance of an Oral Fluid Rapid HIV-1/2 Test: Experience From Four CDC Studies Delaney KP et al AIDS 2006, Vol. 20 No. 12, p 1655-1660

Usefulness of a Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antibody Test for Management of Occupational Exposure to Blood and Body Fluid Landrum ML et al Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Sept. 2005, p-768-774

The Role of Rapid vs. Conventional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing for Inpatients-Effects on Quality Care Rubelchek R et al Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 165, Sept. 26, 2005

Evaluation of a Rapid Test for the Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and 2 in the Setting of Multiple Transmitted Viral Subtypes Reynolds SJ et al International Journal of STD & AIDS, 13:d498.1-3, 2002.

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Amplified transmission of HIV-1: comparison of HIV-1 concentrations in semen and blood during acute and chronic infection.Pilcher CD et al. AIDS. 2007 Aug 20;21(13):1723–30

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Benefit of the rapid test Determine HIV1/2 in the clinical diagnosis of HIV infection in Ibn Rochd hospital of Casablanca, Morocco.Ouladlahsen A et al Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2012 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]

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Sensitivity of Five Rapid HIV Tests on Oral Fluid or Finger-Stick Whole Blood: A Real-Time Comparison in a Healthcare Setting Juliette Pavie1,PLoS ONE | ww.plosone.org July 2010 | Volume 5 | Issue 7 | e11581

HIV assays: Operational Characteristics Report 16: Rapid Assays World Health Organization

Determine® HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo:a revolutionary fourth generation rapid HIV test. Performance data review. Alere Healthcare.

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Diagnostic Testing for HIV Type 1 RNA in Seronegative Blood Ritter D et al, Am J Clin Pathol 2000;113:128–134

Evaluation of DETERMINE HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab COMBO HPA South East Regional Laboratory, April 2009 Jane Newman J et al, HPA Southampton, Virology Dept

Scottish Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections Reference Laboratory (SBSTIRL) Guidance on the Introduction of molecular testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Diagnostic Laboratories 2007 Scottish Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections Reference Laboratory (SBSTIRL) Guidance on the Introduction of molecular testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Diagnostic Laboratories 2007

Whiley DM, Tapsall JW, Sloots TP. Nucliec acid amplification testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae: an ongoing challenge. J Mol Diagn 2006;8:3-15
Nucliec acid amplification testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae: an ongoing challenge. J Mol Diagn 2006;8:3-15

MHRA 04122: Chlamydia trachomatis NAATS. revision of evaluation literature. Medicines and Health Care Products Regulatory Agency.
Chlamydia trachomatis NAATS. revision of evaluation literature. Medicines and Health Care Products Regulatory Agency.

Chernesky M et al. Use of Flocked Swabs and a Universal Transport Medium To Enhance Molecular Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 March; 44(3): 1084–1086
Chernesky M et al. Use of Flocked Swabs and a Universal Transport Medium To Enhance Molecular Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 March; 44(3): 1084–1086

Improved swab for Chlamydia test. – UltiMed Chlamydia Test. Use of Flocked Swabs compared to Polyester Standard Swabs. (UltiMed website) Improved swab for Chlamydia test. – UltiMed Chlamydia Test. Use of Flocked Swabs compared to Polyester Standard (Sitio web UltiMed)

Verdaderos positivos: Fichas técnicas de Determine y Determine Combo (Alere Healthcare), OraQuick (OraSure Technologies Inc) e INSTI (Biolytical Laboratories)

Falsos positivos: Base de datos clínica de Centro Médico Openhouse S.L.N.E. desde 2007

BASHH Statement on HIV window period  15 March 2010 (Comunicación de la Asociación Británica de Salud Sexual y VIH sobre el periodo de ventana 15 de marzo de 2010)

UK National Guidelines for HIV Testing 2008 (BHIVA) Guía Nacional del Reino Unido sobre la Detección de VIH 2008 (Asociación Británica de VIH) en la cual se recomienda no utilizar la técnica PCR (carga viral) para la detección de VIH en entornos clínicos.

Superior detection of syphilis with the rapid test DETERMINE compared with combined cardiolipin- and treponemal-specific tests  Chapman, Stephen BMedSci, BM, BS; Cañadas, Pablo Fernández; Lluch, José Martín BM 2015 Sep; Vol 14 (3): 92-94 Dtección de sífilis es superior con la prueba rápida DETERMINE comparada con las pruebas de cardiolipina y treponémicas específicas en combinación.

Verdaderos positivos: Fichas técnicas de Determine Syphilis (Alere Healthcare) y base de datos clínica de Centro Médico Openhouse S.L.N.E. desde 2007 casos positivos y su seguimiento

Falsos positivos: Base de datos clínica de Centro Médico Openhouse S.L.N.E. desde 2007

Egglestone SI, Turner AJL on behalf of the Syphilis Forum. Serological diagnosis of syphilis. Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 Sep;3(3):158-62 Egglestone SI, Turner AJL de parte del Foro de Sífilis. Diagnóstico serológico de la sífilis. Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 Sep;3(3):158-62

Serological diagnosis of syphilis SI Egglestone and AJL Turner for the PHLS Syphilis Serology Working Group. Communicable Diseases and Public Health Vol 3 No 3 September 2000 Diagnóstico serológico de sífilis. SI Egglestone y AJL Turner para el Grupo de Estudio de Serología de Sífilis (Sistema de laboratorios de salud pública).  Communicable Diseases and Public Health Vol 3 No 3 septiembre de 2000

Young H, Moyes A, McMillan A, Patterson J. Enzyme immunoassay for anti-treponemal IgG: screening or confirmatory test? J Clin Pathol 1992; 45: 37-41. Young H, Moyes A, McMillan A, Patterson J. Inmunoensayo de IgG antitreponemal; ¿Cribaje or prueba confirmatoria? J Clin Pathol 1992; 45: 37-41.

Young H, Moyes A, Ross JCD. Markers of past syphilis in HIV infection comparing Captia Syphilis G anti-treponemal IgG enzyme immunoassay with other treponemal antigen tests. Int J STD AIDS 1995; 6: 101-4. Young H, Moyes A, Ross JCD. Marcardores de sífilis previa en infección por VIH comparando el inmunoensayo enzimático anti-treponemal Captia Syphilis G con otras pruebas de antígeno treponemal. Int J STD AIDS 1995; 6: 101-4.

Schmidt BL, Edjlalipour M, Luger A. Comparative evaluation of nine different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for determination of antibodies against Treponema pallidum in patients with primary syphilis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000;38:1279-1282 Schmidt BL, Edjlalipour M, Luger A. Evaulación comparativa de nueve ELISA para la detección de anticuerpos versus Treponema pallidum en pacientes con sífilis primaria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000;38:1279-1282

Verdaderos positivos: Fichas técnicas de Flaviscreen HCV test, QualPro Diagnostics, pruebas INFO HBsAg & HBsAb, Nal von Minden

Falsos positivos: Base de datos clínica de Centro Médico Openhouse S.L.N.E. desde 2007

Barbara JA y Garson JA. Vox Sang. 1993;64(2):73-81.Polymerase chain reaction and transfusion microbiology. Reacción de polimerasa en cadena y la microbiología de transfusiones.

Müller-Breitkreutz K et al. Vox Sang. 1999;76(3):194-200.Nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of blood-borne viruses. 5th EPFA/NIBSC Workshop, Amsterdam 1998. Pruebas de amplificación de ácidos nucléicos para la detección de virus sanguíneos.

United Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of the Viral Hepatitides A, B & C 2008.Clinical Effectiveness Group British Association of Sexual Health and HIV. Guía nacional de 2008 del Reino Unido sobre el manjeo de hepatitis víricas A, B y C. Grupo de efectividad clínica de la Asociación Británica de Salud Sexual.

Marc Germain et al Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2000. Dec;13(4):631-49.Estimates of risk of window-period transmission of blood-borne viral diseases in Quebec. Marc Germain et al Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2000. Dec;13(4):631-49.Estimaciones de riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades víricas sanguíneas en el periodo de ventana en Quebec.